跨越歐亞戰爭語境的左翼國際主義——論巴比塞《火線》及葉靈鳳的中文翻譯 (The Left-wing Internationalism in the Context of European and Asian Wars: Barbusse’s Le Feu and Its Chinese Translation by Ye Ling-feng)
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Abstract歐洲一次大戰爆發，年過四十的巴比塞自願參軍，卻又自我定位為「反戰的社會主義者」。儘管他對參軍的信念堅定不移，但其思想和行動複雜縝密的程度遠超於同代的左翼知識分子，而且令人難以理解。一方面，他堅決反對國際間由軍國主義和帝國主義所引起的戰爭，但拒絕高舉「義戰」的旗幟支持法國兵士參戰。另一方面，他堅決「反戰」，卻沒有加入和平主義者的行列，甚至親赴戰場主張以「另一種戰爭」──無產階級國際主義的革命──消滅戰爭。是以他憑藉自身經驗撰寫的小說《火線：一個步兵班的日記》，遂成為探討作家本人以至戰時歐洲知識分子各種意識型態的重要中介。
《火線》所牽涉的複雜戰爭思考，隨着中文翻譯的出版，跨越一戰和二戰的時間維度、歐亞文化及戰爭語境，進入中日抗戰的歷史脈絡。1937年中日戰爭爆發，上海淪陷。葉靈鳳（1905–1975）避戰南下，翌年抵達當時為英國殖民地的香港，並在自己主編的《立報》副刊〈言林〉連載巴比塞《火線》部份章節的翻譯，。他以為當時「旁的書僅是描寫戰爭的型態，『火線下』卻寫了『戰爭』本身」，小說「指示今後如何避免這慘殺的途徑」。本文從跨越歐亞戰爭語境的角度，重新審視《火線》及葉靈鳳的中文翻譯，並探討以下問題：第一，巴比塞的《火線》作為一次大戰的戰爭文學有何特點？它如何在帝國主義及和平主義的雙重否定之中發展其獨特的革命思路？第二，在跨越歐亞戰爭語境之下，巴比塞和葉靈鳳在各自的時代有關戰爭、國際主義、無產階級革命的思考有何不同？面對着怎樣不同的衝擊？第三，抗戰時期香港殖民政府嚴苛的政治審查下，文人如何通過文學翻譯爭取最後的言論空間？葉靈鳳又如何重新詮釋《火線》以回應當時的政治環境？
Henri Barbusse (1873–1935), a self-proclaimed “anti-military socialist,” decided to join the army at over forty years of age when the First World War broke out. Although his faith in taking part in the war remained strong, his thought and behaviour appear so complicated and so different from those of other leftist intellectuals that one has difficulty understanding him. He opposed all international wars caused by the militarism and the imperialism, and yet he would not support the French army which entered the war to fight in the name of justice. He claimed to be an anti-war campaigner, but he refused to join the pacifists. He even went to the battlefront and advocated for an international proletarian revolution to stop all wars. His novel, Le Feu, journal d’une escouade (Under fire: The story of a squad), published in 1916 and based on his own experience in the battlefield, becomes a medium for us to study the ideologies of the author and the leftist intellectuals in the wartime period.
If Barbusse’s reflections on war is not loaded enough for Le Feu, the arrival of its Chinese translation has certainly added weight to it. Along with the translation are elements of both the First and the Second World War, both the European and the Asian cultures, and the Sino-Japanese War. The translator of the novel, Ye Lingfeng 葉靈鳳 (1905–1975), came to Hong Kong a year after the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, leaving Shanghai that had fallen to the Japanese force in 1937. He published the Chinese translation of the last five chapters of the novel in 1940 in Yin Lin 言林, a literary supplement of the newspaper Lih Po 立報 for which he served as the editor. He emphasized that Le Feu is a novel that reveals the nature of a war, instead of describing the features of a war, and it is also a novel that demonstrates how to avoid such a kind of massacre in the future. This paper attempts to look at Barbusse’s Le Feu and its Chinese translation from a transcultural and trans-historical perspective. Firstly, it examines the particularities of Le Feu as anti-war literature and studies how Barbusse developed his own revolutionary ideas beyond the boundary of the imperialism and the pacifism. Secondly, it studies Barbusse’s and Ye Lingfeng’s individual perspectives on war, internationalism, and proletarian revolution, as well as the challenges facing them in Europe and Asia during the wartime. Lastly, this paper investigates how Hong Kong intellectuals tried to seek their freedom of speech by means of literary translation under the severe political censorship imposed by the colonial government of Hong Kong during the Sino-Japanese War and how Ye Lingfeng represented and reinterpreted Le Feu in response to the particular political context of the time.
《火線》所牽涉的複雜戰爭思考，隨着中文翻譯的出版，跨越一戰和二戰的時間維度、歐亞文化及戰爭語境，進入中日抗戰的歷史脈絡。1937年中日戰爭爆發，上海淪陷。葉靈鳳（1905–1975）避戰南下，翌年抵達當時為英國殖民地的香港，並在自己主編的《立報》副刊〈言林〉連載巴比塞《火線》部份章節的翻譯，。他以為當時「旁的書僅是描寫戰爭的型態，『火線下』卻寫了『戰爭』本身」，小說「指示今後如何避免這慘殺的途徑」。本文從跨越歐亞戰爭語境的角度，重新審視《火線》及葉靈鳳的中文翻譯，並探討以下問題：第一，巴比塞的《火線》作為一次大戰的戰爭文學有何特點？它如何在帝國主義及和平主義的雙重否定之中發展其獨特的革命思路？第二，在跨越歐亞戰爭語境之下，巴比塞和葉靈鳳在各自的時代有關戰爭、國際主義、無產階級革命的思考有何不同？面對着怎樣不同的衝擊？第三，抗戰時期香港殖民政府嚴苛的政治審查下，文人如何通過文學翻譯爭取最後的言論空間？葉靈鳳又如何重新詮釋《火線》以回應當時的政治環境？
Henri Barbusse (1873–1935), a self-proclaimed “anti-military socialist,” decided to join the army at over forty years of age when the First World War broke out. Although his faith in taking part in the war remained strong, his thought and behaviour appear so complicated and so different from those of other leftist intellectuals that one has difficulty understanding him. He opposed all international wars caused by the militarism and the imperialism, and yet he would not support the French army which entered the war to fight in the name of justice. He claimed to be an anti-war campaigner, but he refused to join the pacifists. He even went to the battlefront and advocated for an international proletarian revolution to stop all wars. His novel, Le Feu, journal d’une escouade (Under fire: The story of a squad), published in 1916 and based on his own experience in the battlefield, becomes a medium for us to study the ideologies of the author and the leftist intellectuals in the wartime period.
If Barbusse’s reflections on war is not loaded enough for Le Feu, the arrival of its Chinese translation has certainly added weight to it. Along with the translation are elements of both the First and the Second World War, both the European and the Asian cultures, and the Sino-Japanese War. The translator of the novel, Ye Lingfeng 葉靈鳳 (1905–1975), came to Hong Kong a year after the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out, leaving Shanghai that had fallen to the Japanese force in 1937. He published the Chinese translation of the last five chapters of the novel in 1940 in Yin Lin 言林, a literary supplement of the newspaper Lih Po 立報 for which he served as the editor. He emphasized that Le Feu is a novel that reveals the nature of a war, instead of describing the features of a war, and it is also a novel that demonstrates how to avoid such a kind of massacre in the future. This paper attempts to look at Barbusse’s Le Feu and its Chinese translation from a transcultural and trans-historical perspective. Firstly, it examines the particularities of Le Feu as anti-war literature and studies how Barbusse developed his own revolutionary ideas beyond the boundary of the imperialism and the pacifism. Secondly, it studies Barbusse’s and Ye Lingfeng’s individual perspectives on war, internationalism, and proletarian revolution, as well as the challenges facing them in Europe and Asia during the wartime. Lastly, this paper investigates how Hong Kong intellectuals tried to seek their freedom of speech by means of literary translation under the severe political censorship imposed by the colonial government of Hong Kong during the Sino-Japanese War and how Ye Lingfeng represented and reinterpreted Le Feu in response to the particular political context of the time.
All Author(s) ListKwong Ho Yee Connie
All Editor(s) ListChen Hsiang-yin
EditionFirst
Book title戰爭、傳統與現代性：跨文化流派爭鳴 (Transcultural Perspectives on Wars, Tradition and Modernity in Twentieth-Century China)
Year2020
Month11
PublisherInstitute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy, Academia Sinica
Place of PublicationTaipei
Pages169 - 232
ISBN9789865432645
LanguagesChinese-Traditional
KeywordsLeftist Internationalism, Proletarian Revolution, Sino-Japanese War, Le Feu, Henri Barbusse, Ye Lingfeng
